Statistical Analysis Data:
Patient
Age
PSA at Diagnosis
Months
PSA at Follow-Up
1
61
8.5
64
2.9
2
68
7
60
2.8
3
43
4.7
30
2.1
4
65
11.7
38
7.6
5
64
2.9
60
1.5
6
55
2.1
34
3.0
7
56
7.3
33
4.2
8
70
6.9
19
5.1
9
68
5.8
31
4.9
10
56
9.1
47
4.9
11
61
3
24
0.8
12
48
3.2
13
2.2
13
69
6.2
10
3.2
14
56
4.4
24
1.9
15
74
11.4
28
10.9
16
63
6.8
33
1.9
17
71
6.6
12
4.7
18
64
14.4
14
1.9
19
70
8.4
5
3.0
20
72
4.4
11
5.0
Totals
1254
134.8
590
74.5
Mean
62.7
6.74
29.5
3.73 ng/ml = nanograms per milliliter
PSA at Diagnosis Ø0
PSA at Follow-Up Ø
Mean
6.74
Mean
3.725
Standard Error
0.718052923
Standard Error
0.526351644
Median
6.7
Median
3
Mode
4.4
Mode
1.9
Standard Deviation
3.211230294
Standard Deviation
2.35391611
Sample Variance
10.312
Sample Variance
5.540921053
Kurtosis
0.319273095
Kurtosis
3.59465374
Skewness
0.720065776
Skewness
1.668528589
Range
12.3
Range
10.1
Minimum
2.1
Minimum
0.8
Maximum
14.4
Maximum
10.9
Sum
134.8
Sum
74.5
Count
20
Count
20 The null hypothesis: H0
that Ø = Ø0 The alternative hypothesis:
H1 that Ø < Ø0 Level of significance: α =
0.05 Test statistic: T test
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances
PSA at Diagnosis
PSA at Follow-up
Mean
6.74
3.725
Variance
10.312
5.540921053
Observations
20
20
Hypothesized Mean Difference
0
df
35
t Stat
3.386473378
P(T≤ t) one-tail
0.000880968
t Critical one-tail
1.689572855
P(T≤ t) two-tail
0.001761936
t Critical two-tail
2.030110409
SUMMARY
Statistical evaluation for the change in Prostate Specific Antigen, PSA
levels was significant using the t-Test. The decision is to reject the null
hypothesis that there was no change in PSA levels. There was a significant
decrease in the PSA levels (ng/ml) of the patients after treatment with the
herbal formula Peenuts®. The P value for P(T≤ t) one-tailed T test is
0.000880968. The dosage of the herbal formula Peenuts was two capsules
daily.
There are twenty subjects in the study. Two subjects, Patient Number 6 and
Patient Number 20 had slight increases in their PSA levels. The other
eighteen patients all had decreased PSA levels. Therefore 90% of the
patients treated with the formula had decreased PSA levels.
Patient Number 18 had the largest decrease from PSA 14.4 ng/ml at diagnosis
to PSA 1.9 ng/ml at follow-up after 14 months. Considering this subject to
be an outlier, we re-evaluated the data using 19 patients. The results are
as follows:
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances
PSA at Diagnosis
PSA at Follow-Up
Mean
6.33684211
3.821053
Variance
7.45356725
5.653977
Observations
19
19
Hypothesized Mean Difference
0
df
35
t Stat
3.02893837
P(T≤ t) one-tail
0.00229453
t Critical one-tail
1.68957285
P(T≤ t) two-tail
0.00458906
t Critical two-tail
2.03011041
At the significance level of alpha = 0.05: the P one-tailed test (T≤ t) is
0.00229453. Thus, there is a significant decrease in the PSA level with
these 19 subjects.
Statistical evaluation of the herbal formula Peenuts® has a significant
effect in reducing PSA levels in this subject group. Prostate Specific
Antigen is a common measure in the prediction of Prostate Cancer. The herbal
formula Peenuts® can help to lower PSA levels in most subjects. Treatment
with the standard dosage of two capsules of Peenuts® daily may also be used
as preventive nutrient in an effort to alter the natural history of Prostate
Cancer in future studies. Microsoft Excel Data Analysis
Tools were used in the statistical calculations.
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(ng/ml)
(ng/ml)
Descriptive Statistics:
